| Txoj Kev Sterilization | Qhov zoo | Qhov tsis zoo |
| Chav | Tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov neeg mob, cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab ib puag ncig. Lub voj voog yog yooj yim los tswj thiab saib xyuas. Ceev ceev microbial tua. Penetrates kho mob ntim thiab ntaus ntawv lumen. | Kev puas tsuaj rau cov twj siv hluav taws xob / cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov cuab yeej microsurgical puas los ntawm rov raug dua. Tej zaum yuav cia cov twj tso kua mis ntub, ua rau xeb. Muaj peev xwm kub hnyiab tau. Tsis sib haum nrog cov khoom siv kho mob feem ntau vim qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov yas. Tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem pyrogens ntawm endotoxin-contaminated khoom. |
| Ethylene Oxide (EO) | Nkag mus rau cov khoom ntim khoom thiab cov khoom siv lumen. Optimal material compatibility (Tsawg temp). “Cov khoom tuaj yeem ua kom tsis muaj menyuam hauv nws lub ntim ntim kawg.” Kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab kev saib xyuas. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm microbicidal dav. Tsawg kub. Sterility assurance thiab kho cov nyhuv. Tso cai rau cov khoom tso tawm tam sim tom qab ua tiav (Parametric Release), ua kom lub sijhawm hloov pauv sai, pab kom tau cov khoom lag luam sai. Customizable tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob ib zaug. Ib txwm ua tau raws li cov khoom thiab cov kev cai tswj hwm. | Yuav tsum tau lub sij hawm aeration kom tshem tawm ETO residues. ETO yog tshuaj lom, carcinogenic, thiab flammable. ETO emissions yog tswj los ntawm US xeev thiab Europe. Lub voj voog ntev / lub sijhawm aeration. |
| Hydrogen Peroxide (HO?) | Muaj kev nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob. Tawm tsis muaj tshuaj lom residues. Siv rau cov khoom kub- thiab noo noo-rhiab heev (txheej txheem kub $<50^{\circ}\text{C}$). Easy to operate, set up, and monitor. Compatible with most medical devices. Only requires a power socket. Microbicidal efficacy data. Capable of sterilizing electronic components and batteries. Short aeration time. | Cannot sterilize cellulose (paper), linen, and liquids. Few validated single-use medical devices. Size limitations (fewer single-use disinfectable products). $\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$ concentration $>1 \text{ ppm TWA}$ may be toxic. |
| Thaum tshav kub kub | Tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm hlau corrosion tom qab sterilization. Tsis xav tau lub sij hawm aeration thiab qhov seem seem. | Slow sterilization txheej txheem. Sterilization txheej txheem yog ib qho nyuaj rau tswj nyob rau hauv ib tug meej kub ntau yam. |
| Formaldehyde | Lub sijhawm voj voog nrawm dua piv rau EtO. Tus nqi qis dua ib lub voj voog dua EtO. Feem ntau cov khoom siv tau tam sim ntawd tom qab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam. | Vapor is extremely irritating to the eyes. Working temperature is higher than EtO. Formaldehyde residue may remain on sterilized items, potentially harmful to patients. $\text{RH}$ needs to be $\sim 75\%$ for efficacy, as the gas must dissolve in the water film around bacteria. Toxicity. Not FDA approved; recognized only in certain countries. |
| Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) | Siv rau cov khoom kub-sensitive. Tau tshaj cov yas feem ntau. X-ray muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj menyuam. Tsis muaj cytotoxic residues. Lub sijhawm luv luv (6-12 teev, suav nrog aeration). Muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab yooj yim nqa hauv tsev - txo cov sijhawm tsim khoom thiab nqi. | Kev nkag mus tsis zoo; tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub ntim ntim thawj tab sis tsis ntim zaum kawg. Kev paub tsawg (tsim kev lag luam loj hlob); compatibility, khoom ua tau zoo, residues, microbial efficiency, thiab scalability yuav tsum raug soj ntsuam. Incompatible nrog cardboard. Ob peb cov khoom siv kho mob siv tau ib leeg xwb. FDA tsis tau txiav txim siab kom txaus. |
| Feature | Gamma Ray | Electron Beam (E-nqaj) | X-ray |
| Hom Kev Ua Haujlwm | Isotropic photons; Avg. zog 1.25MV | Hluav taws xob; Feem ntau 10 MeV zog | Photons nrog yuav luag tib cov kev taw qhia; 90% ntawm photon zog approx. 0.3 mav |
| Qhov zoo | Tau tshaj ntau yam ntaub ntawv kho mob. Cov khoom tuaj yeem ua kom tsis muaj menyuam nyob rau hauv qhov ntim kawg kaw. Penetrates kho mob ntim. Tsis muaj residue ntawm sterilized khoom. Tsis muaj kev cai emission. Cov txheej txheem txias (tseem ceeb tshaj plaws). Yooj yim tswj. Kev nkag siab siab. Cov txheej txheem Advanced. Cov khoom tuaj yeem tso tawm tam sim ntawd (tsis muaj batch-to-batch test). | Cov koob tshuaj ntau thiab Sterility Assurance Level (SAL) rau kev tso tawm tam sim. Nws tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv, suav nrog foils. Cov txheej txheem tso cai rau kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias thaum lub sij hawm irradiation. Kev tswj cov koob tshuaj zoo. Cov txheej txheem ceev (ib feeb rau cov ntim me me) rau kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam tam sim. Tsawg atmospheric cuam tshuam (me me ozone tso). Tsis xav tau cov xov tooj cua hauv zos. | Nce photon zog nkag, zoo ib yam li Gamma. Kev kho mob sai thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, ua kom yooj yim los ntawm cov thawv rau tag nrho cov pallets. Flexibility (sib xyaw cov khoom nrog cov tshuaj sib txawv hauv tib lub voj voog). Txo cov khoom degradation, ua lub sij hawm, thiab max khoom koob vs. Gamma/E-beam. |
| Qhov tsis zoo | Plastics tus kheej xav tau kev ntsuam xyuas. Yuav tsum zam Teflon, PFA, PTFE, PP. Kev tsis zoo rau cov gels thiab cov nplaum. Yuav tsum muaj lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear (khoom kim heev). Kev txwv koob tshuaj yooj yim. Tus nqi qis dua li E-nqaj. | Expensive construction cost for E-beam sterilization facility. Penetration is lower than Gamma. Risk of radiolytic byproducts (e.g., ?OH) which may damage raw materials/API/packaging when sterilizing finished products or $\text{API}$s using ? particles. | Kev paub tsawg (limited kev lag luam kev loj hlob). Compatibility, kev ua tau zoo, residues, microbial efficiency, thiab scalability yuav tsum raug soj ntsuam. |
| Qhov Loj tshaj plaws Ua Haujlwm | Pallets los yog thawv | Lub thawv | Pallets los yog thawv |
| Hom koob tshuaj ntau npaum li cas (Kev kho mob ceev ceev) | 25-40 kGy; Qhov hnyav: 25-50 kGy | 25-50 KG; Zoo tagnrho 25-60 kGy | 25-35 kGy; Qhov hnyav: 25-40 kGy |
| Dose Rate | Ob peb kGy/h | Ob peb 1000 kGy / h | Ob peb kGy/h mus rau ob peb puas kGy/h |
| Hom Max Temp | 45 C-50 C | 50 ?C | 35 C-40 C |
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